Unit 1

Atomic structure and the periodic table

A simple model of the atom, symbols, relative atomic mass, electronic charge and isotopes

Atoms, elements and compounds

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Mixtures

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The development of the model of the atom

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Relative electrical charges of subatomic particles

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Size and mass of atoms

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Relative atomic mass

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Electronic structure

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The periodic table

The periodic table

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Development of the periodic table

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Metals and non-metals

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Group 0

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Group 1

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Group 7

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Properties of transition metals (chemistry only)

Comparison with Group 1 elements (chemistry only)

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Typical properties (chemistry only)

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Unit 2

Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter

Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic

Chemical bonds

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Ionic bonding

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Ionic compounds

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Covalent bonding

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Metallic bonding

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How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances

The three states of matter

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State symbols

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Properties of ionic compounds

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Properties of small molecules

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Polymers

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Giant covalent structures

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Properties of metals and alloys

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Metals as conductors

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Structure and bonding of carbon

Diamond

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Graphite

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Graphene and fullerenes

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Bulk and surface properties of matter including nanoparticles (chemistry only)

Sizes of particles and their properties (chemistry only)

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Uses of nanoparticles (chemistry only)

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Unit 3

Quantitative chemistry

Chemical measurements, conservation of mass and the quantitative interpretation of chemical equations

Conservation of mass and balanced chemical equations

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Relative formula mass

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Mass changes when a reactant or product is a gas

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Chemical measurements

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Use of amount of substance in relation to masses of pure substances

Moles (HT only)

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Amounts of substances in equations (HT only)

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Using moles to balance equations (HT only)

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Limiting reactants (HT only)

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Concentration of solutions

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Yield and atom economy of chemical reactions (chemistry only)

Percentage yield (chemistry only)

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Atom economy (chemistry only)

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Using concentrations of solutions in mol/dm³ (chemistry only) (HT only)

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Use of amount of substance in relation to volumes of gases (chemistry only) (HT only)

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Unit 4

Chemical changes

Reactivity of metals

Metal oxides

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The reactivity series

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Extraction of metals and reduction

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Oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons (HT only)

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Reactions of acids

Reactions of acids with metals

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Neutralisation of acids and salt production

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Soluble salts

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The pH scale and neutralisation

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Titrations (chemistry only)

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Strong and weak acids (HT only)

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Electrolysis

The process of electrolysis

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Electrolysis of molten ionic compounds

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Using electrolysis to extract metals

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Electrolysis of aqueous solutions

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Representation of reactions at electrodes as half equations (HT only)

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Unit 5

Energy changes

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Energy transfer during exothermic and endothermic reactions

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Reaction profiles

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The energy change of reactions (HT only)

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Chemical cells and fuel cells (chemistry only)

Cells and batteries (chemistry only)

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Fuel cells (chemistry only)

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Unit 6

The rate and extent of chemical change

Rate of reaction

Calculating rates of reactions

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Factors which affect the rates of chemical reactions

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Collision theory and activation energy

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Catalysts

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Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium

Reversible reactions

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Energy changes and reversible reactions

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Equilibrium

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The effect of changing conditions on equilibrium (HT only)

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The effect of changing concentration (HT only)

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The effect of temperature changes on equilibrium (HT only)

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The effect of pressure changes on equilibrium (HT only)

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Unit 7

Organic chemistry

Carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock

Crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes

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Fractional distillation and petrochemicals

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Properties of hydrocarbons

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Cracking and alkenes

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Reactions of alkenes and alcohols (chemistry only)

Structure and formulae of alkenes (chemistry only)

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Reactions of alkenes (chemistry only)

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Alcohols (chemistry only)

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Carboxylic acids (chemistry only)

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Synthetic and naturally occurring polymers (chemistry only)

Addition polymerisation (chemistry only)

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Condensation polymerisation (HT only) (chemistry only)

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Amino acids (HT only) (chemistry only)

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and other naturally occurring polymers (chemistry only)

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Unit 8

Chemical analysis

Purity, formulations and chromatography

Pure substances

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Formulations

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Chromatography

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Identification of common gases

Test for hydrogen

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Test for oxygen

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Test for carbon dioxide

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Test for chlorine

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Identification of ions by chemical and spectroscopic means (chemistry only)

Flame tests (chemistry only)

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Metal hydroxides (chemistry only)

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Carbonates (chemistry only)

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Halides (chemistry only)

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Sulfates (chemistry only)

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Instrumental methods (chemistry only)

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Flame emission spectroscopy (chemistry only)

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Unit 9

Chemistry of the atmosphere

The composition and evolution of the Earth's atmosphere

The proportions of different gases in the atmosphere

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The Earth's early atmosphere

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How oxygen increased

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How carbon dioxide decreased

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Carbon dioxide and methane as greenhouse gases

Greenhouse gases

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Human activities which contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

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Global climate change

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The carbon footprint and its reduction

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Common atmospheric pollutants and their sources

Atmospheric pollutants from fuels

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Properties and effects of atmospheric pollutants

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Unit 10

Using resources

Using the Earth's resources and obtaining potable water

Using the Earth's resources and sustainable development

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Potable water

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Waste water treatment

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Alternative methods of extracting metals (HT only)

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Life cycle assessment and recycling

Life cycle assessment

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Ways of reducing the use of resources

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Using materials (chemistry only)

Corrosion and its prevention (chemistry only)

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Alloys as useful materials (chemistry only)

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Ceramics, polymers and composites (chemistry only)

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The Haber process and the use of NPK fertilisers (chemistry only)

The Haber process (chemistry only)

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Production and uses of NPK fertilisers (chemistry only)

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