Resources (page 271)

INTRODUCTION. The root mean square (RMS/rms) value of a set of data, aka quadratic mean, is a statistical measure - a type of average - defined as the square root of the mean square ...

A handy concept in quantifying the likelihood of electromagnetic or particulate radiation interacting in a particular way with matter is an abstract one referred to as the `cross sect...

Formula: Kmax = hf - pfi. Under the right circumstances, light or other electromagnetic radiation directed on to the surface of a material can cause electrons to be ejected from the...

The Markov property Pr (X_(n+1)=x ?| X_1= x_1,X_2= x_2,.,X_n= x_n)= Pr (X_(n+1)=x ?| X_n= x_n), Pr (X_1= x_1,X_2= x_2,.,X_n= x_n)>0 Pr (Xn+1 = x | X1 = x1, X2 = x2, ., Xn = xn...

INTRODUCTION Compton scattering is the inelastic scattering of an X or gamma-ray photon by a (virtually) free charged particle (usually an electron), in which some of the photon`s en...

OVERVIEW It seems counter-intuitive that a so-called magnitude 1 star is brighter than a magnitude 6 star. Hipparchus, who bequeathed Ptolemy and then us his classification system,...

The discovery and refinement of Pi and its properties has been a continual process from Ancient civilisations through to modern times. The process of identifying the mathematical prop...

Calculus is a branch of mathematics consisting of two main areas; differentiation and integration. The first development of ideas around calculus and its applications can be traced ba...

I was recently asked what my favourite tip was for using Microsoft Excel more effectively. Without a lot of thought I was able to answer - Tables! "But", I hear you say, "my data is ...

Looking up at the sky in the wee hours of the morning, one cannot fail to admire the contrails left by jet planes buzzing around. But very few of us give thought to how these planes -...