Latin Gcse Grammar Notes

GCSE Latin Grammar Notes Lesson 5

(Following Cullen and Taylor: Latin to GCSE)

Indirect Questions

Translate into Latin:

1. We asked the girl where she had come from. puellam rogavimus unde venisset.

2. The citizens did not know who was in the temple. Cives nesciverunt qui in templo esset.

3. The senator asked the messenger what he had heard about the war. Senator nuntium rogavit quid de bello audivisset.

Purpose Clauses

UT + IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

NE + IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

A purpose clause explains the aim with which something was done:

E.G. I went to Rome (in order) to see the emperor.

E.G. The girl worked hard (in order) to get a top grade.

ut can be translated as to, in order to, so that, in order that etc. Its translation will depend on the context:
E.G. femina diu laborabat ut liberi cibum haberent. The woman was working for a long time so that her children would have food. A negative purpose clause uses ne rather than ut (in order not to, so that not etc.):

E.G. noctem exspectavimus ne hostes nos viderent. We waited for night so that the enemy would not see us. Translate into English:

1. Senex ad urbem ambulavit ut librum emeret. The old man walked to the city (in order) to buy a book/ so that he might buy a book.

2. Pueri in via stabant ut puellas salutarent. The boys were standing in the street so that they could greet the girls.

3. Romam ire volebam ut templa forumque viderem. I was wanting to go to Rome to see the temples and the forum.

4. Ancilla tabernam iniit ut cibum emeret. The slave-girl went into the inn to buy food.

5. Cives ad portas urbis festinaverunt ut verba nuntii audirent. The citizens hurried to the gates of the city to hear the words of the messenger.

6. Milites per noctem laborabant ut nova castra conficerent. The soldiers were working through the night to finish the new camps.

7. Roma discessit ne Antonium videret. He left Rome in order to not see Antony.

8. Puer epistulam celavit ne mater eam videret. The boy hid the letter so that his mother would not see it.

Translate into Latin:

1. I walked to the city in order to find my friends. ad urbem ambulavi ut amicos invenirem.

2. The old man stayed in the inn so that his wife would not see him. senex in taberna mansit ne uxor eum videret.

Result Clauses

UT + IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

UT + NON (etc.) + IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

A result clause focuses on the outcome of an action:

E.G. The boy ran so fast that he won the prize.

It includes a signpost word (meaning so etc.) in the first half of the sentence, followed by ut in the second half, with an imperfect subjunctive to describe the result in the past.

Common signpost words:

- Tam + adjective/adverb = SO

- Adeo + verb = SO MUCH/ TO SUCH AN EXTENT

- Ita + verb = IN SUCH A WAY

- Tantus = SO GREAT/ SO BIG/ SUCH A GREAT (2-1-2)

- Tot = SO MANY

- Talis + noun = SUCH (3^rd declension)

Translate into English:

1. Haec puella tam fortis erat ut omnes eam laudarent. This girl was so brave that everyone praised her.

2. Puer adeo clamabat ut omnes eum audirent. The boy was shouting so much that everyone heard him.

3. Hic miles tam fortis erat ut in castra hostium solus iniret. This soldier was so brave that he entered the enemy s camp alone.

4. Servi tam lente laborabant ut dominus eos saepe puniret. The slaves were working so slowly that their master often punished them.

5. Femina adeo lacrimabat ut domum redire vellet. The woman was crying so much that she wanted to return home.

6. Cives tam stulti erant ut huic senatori crederent. The citizens were so stupid that they believed the senator.

7. Vinum tale erat ut omnes bibere vellent. The wine was such that everyone wanted to drink it.

8. Tempestas tanta erat ut multas naves deleret. The storm was so great that it destroyed many ships.

9. Nuntius tam clare dixit ut omnes eum audiremus. The messenger spoke so clearly that everyone heard him.

10. lt;i>Scelera illius hominis tanta erant ut eum Roma expelleremus. The crimes of that man were so great that we expelled him from Rome. Translate into Latin:

1. The book was so short that the children read it easily. Liber tam brevis erat ut liberi facile eum legerent.

2. The noise was so great that everyone on the street heard it. Clamor tantus erat ut omnes in via audirent.

Unlike purposes clauses which contain a negative, which use ne, negative result clauses uses ut + non (or nihil, numquam etc.)

Distinguishing between purpose clauses and result clauses

Translate into English:

1. Cibus talis erat ut eum consumere non possem. The food was such that I was not able to eat it.

2. Cives adeo clamabant ut nihil audirem. The citizens were shouting so much that I heard nothing.

3. Tempestas tam saeva erat ut navigare non possemus. The storm was so violent that we were not able to sail/navigate.

4. Imperator milites emisit ut castra hostium invenirent. The emperor sent forth his soldiers to enter the enemy s camp.

5. Liberi tam stulti erant ut nihil intellegerent. The children were so stupid that they did not understand anything.

6. Senex tot epistulas accepit ut omnibus respondere non posset. The old man received so many letters that he was not able to respond to all of them.

7. Adeo timebam ut nihil dicere possem. I was so afraid that I was not able to say anything.

Translate into Latin:

1. These soldiers were so daring that they were never afraid. Hi milites tam audaces erant ut numquam timerent.

2. I wanted to return home in order to eat dinner with my friends. domum redire volui ut meis amicis cenam consumerem.