Harvard Referencing

In the Harvard system, the author`s surname and year of publication are cited in the text of your work. The full details of the book are included in a reference list at the end of the assignment. In-text citation

"An effective structure is important" (Redman, 2006, p.22)

Reference list

Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed. London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.

Reference List

The reference list should include details for everything that you cite in your assignment. It should be in alphabetical order by author with all the different types of material in one sequence ( See Section 3.1 for further details). Some Departments may ask you to produce a Bibliography. This is a list of relevant items that you have used to help you prepare for the assignment but which are not necessarily cited in your text e.g. general background reading to familiarise yourself with the topic. A reference list is always required when you cite other people`s work within your assignment. The terms reference list and bibliography are sometimes used interchangeably. Make sure that you know what is required from you before you complete your assignment. An annotated bibliography includes the full reference to sources with the addition of notes, which summarise and evaluate the source and will be of variable length, depending on the assessment this may be an independent project or part of a larger research project.

General Introduction

Any in-text reference should include the authorship and the year of the work. Depending on the nature of the sentence/paragraph that is being written, references to sources may be cited in the text as described below

Author`s name cited in the text

When making reference to an author`s work in your text, their name is followed by the year of publication of their work:

In general, when writing for a professional publication, it is good practice to make reference to other relevant published work. This view has been supported in the work of Cormack (1994). Where you are mentioning a particular part of the work, and making direct reference to this, a page reference should be included:

Cormack (1994, pp.32-33) states that "when writing for a professional readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works".

Author`s name not cited directly in the text

If you make reference to a work or piece of research without mentioning the author in the text then both the author`s name and publication year are placed at the relevant point in the sentence or at the end of the sentence in brackets:

Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing for a professional audience (Cormack, 1994).

More than one author cited in the text

Where reference is made to more than one author in a sentence, and they are referred to directly, they are both cited:

Smith (1946) and Jones (1948) have both shown ...

More than one author not cited directly in the text

List these at the relevant point in the sentence or at the end of the sentence, putting the author`s name, followed by the date of publication and separated by a semi-colon and within brackets. Where several publications from a number of authors are referred to, then the references should be cited in chronological order (i.e. earliest first):

Further research in the late forties (Smith, 1946; Jones, 1948) led to major developments......

Recent research (Collins, 1998; Brown, 2001; Davies, 2008) shows that

Two or three authors for a work

When there are two or three authors for a work, they should be noted in the text Directly using an and

White and Brown (2004) in their recent research paper found...

Or indirectly

Recent research (White and Brown, 2004) suggests that...

Other examples using two or three authors........

During the mid nineties research undertaken in Luton (Slater and Jones, 1996) showed that...

Further research (Green, Harris and Dunne, 1969) showed

When there are two or three authors for a work they should all be listed [in the order in which their names appear in the original publication], with the name listed last preceded by an and.

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