The eight different styles of learning

The American developmental psychologist Howard Earl Gardner proposed that humans have a number of different ways of acquiring information. His `Theory of Multiple Intelligences` (published in 1983) proposes that there are eight well defined categories that describe the ideal learning method for each person. Even though these categories certainly have much overlap, they can offer useful guidance: identifying which learning style best describes each student will help teachers ascertain the most appropriate way to help them understand difficult topics.

1. Visual, or spatial learners

Those who possess this learning style tend to think in images, and will respond best to pictorial explanations, such as diagrams or graphs. It is said that visual learners grasp an entire concept at once, though without perceiving its finer details. They will likely possess vivid imaginations, are often disorganised, and think in pictures rather than in words. When asked to explain the sequence of an answer, they may struggle to do so, since their understanding comes from seeing the problem as a whole, rather than as a sequence of steps. It is thought that as many as 30% of students can be classified as visual learners.

2. Aural Lerners

Students possessing this style of learning are better able to process information acquired through the spoken word, or even music. Mnemonic devices, such as the familiar `Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain,` used of course to remember the colours of the rainbow, are very effective learning devices for aural learners.

3. Analytical Learners

Often called sequential learners, analytical learners have a strong preference for information to be presented in an orderly and organised manner. Students of this learning style will be so called left-hemisphere learners, meaning they favour logical subjects. Mathematics will most likely be their strongest field, and they will respond best to cogent and reasoned explanations in every subject.

4. Kinaesthetic, or tactile learners

Kinaesthetic learning is defined as a student`s ability to process and acquire information through physical movement and touch. They will make the most progress when allowed to use what they have learned in an active way, and may respond poorly to studying from textbooks or worksheets. The act of writing can be hugely beneficial in helping them retain information, and they may prefer using a computer over pen and paper.

Many Kinaesthetic learners enjoy taking things apart and seeing how they physically work, and will prefer explanations that involve physical objects or schematic models.

5. Verbal learners

Verbal learners will flourish in activities that involve reading and writing. Their imagination and understanding primarily works linguistically, and they may be especially proficient in learning new languages, and will often possess an excellent memory. In many ways these students are especially lucky, as an appropriate set of text books can be an ideal teaching aid for them.

They will prefer quiet and orderly surroundings, and may be able to work for long periods, focusing on one topic at a time until they understand it.

6. Social learners

Social learners work best in groups, their understanding being enhanced by the presence of their peers. Role playing and group activities will be especially useful teaching aids for these students, and they should be encouraged to ask each other questions, and help one another.

7. Solo Learners

In obvious contrast to social learners, solo learners have a preference for working alone. They will be self motivated to complete their work, and may spend a lot of time in self reflection. Many solo learners enjoy keeping diaries and journals, and they may set individual academic goals which they will work hard to achieve.

8. Natural, or nature learners

These students will be most receptive to learning when they are interacting with nature. They crave a peaceful studying environment, and may possess an antipathy to working with computers. Teachers should use examples from nature to help them understand different concepts (using population growth to explain an exponential mathematical function for example), and if possible allow them to enjoy some outdoor classes.